Body modification (or body alteration ) is the deliberate altering of the human anatomy or human physical appearance . It is often done for aesthetics, sexual enhancement, rites of passage, religious beliefs, to display group membership or affiliation, to create body art , for shock value , and as self-expression, among other reasons. In its broadest definition it includes plastic surgery , socially acceptable decoration ( e.g. , common ear piercing in many societies), and religious rites of passage (e.g., circumcision in a number of cultures), as well as the modern primitive movement.