The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell , and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines one of its characteristics ( phenotype ). The term was coined by the Danish botanist , plant physiologist and geneticist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1903.

Dermatology (from ancient Greek δέρμα, derma which means skin and λογία, logia ) is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin , nails , hair and its diseases . It is a specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist treats diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails.

Below is a list of common and eponymous plastic surgery flaps with their classification and common usage. (NB - the terms interpolation flap and pedicle flap can be used interchangeably.)

This is a list of dermatologists who have made notable contributions to the field of dermatology .

A wrinkle , also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the skin or on fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of aging processes such as glycation , habitual sleeping positions, loss of body mass, or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water . Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.

Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene , in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus . The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive . For genes on an autosome (any chromosome other than a sex chromosome ), the alleles and their associated traits are autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive . Dominance is a key concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics . Often the dominant allele codes for a functional protein whereas the recessive allele does not.

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two categories. The first is reconstructive surgery which includes craniofacial surgery , hand surgery , microsurgery , and the treatment of burns . The other is cosmetic or aesthetic surgery. While reconstructive surgery aims to reconstruct a part of the body or improve its functioning, cosmetic surgery aims at improving the appearance of it. Both of these techniques are used throughout the world.

A phenotype (from Greek phainein , meaning 'to show', and typos , meaning 'type') is the composite of an organism 's observable characteristics or traits , such as its morphology , development , biochemical or physiological properties, behavior , and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest). A phenotype results from the expression of an organism's genetic code, its genotype , as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two. When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species, the species is called polymorphic . A well-documented polymorphism is Labrador Retriever coloring ; while the coat color depends on many genes, it is clearly seen in the environment as yellow, black and brown.

Reverse genetics is a method that is used to help understand the function of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific engineered gene sequences .

Peptides (from Gr. : πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide ( amide ) bonds.